A study by Santa Monica think tank Rand Corp. published in the research journal Health Affairs last week said calories from snacks were a likely culprit of higher obesity rates in South Los Angeles. The authors also found that South Los Angeles had a dramatically higher concentration of the type of small c-store that sells caloric snacks than other sections of the city. (Click here for access to the study.)
Separately, researchers looking at the shopping patterns of schoolchildren in urban Philadelphia found that more than half the 800 students they surveyed reported that they shopped at a corner store at least once a day, five times a week. Almost a third visited a store both before and after school.
On average, the students spent about $1 and purchased 356 calories of snack foods and drinks each visit. Chips, candy, sugary beverages and gum were the most frequent purchases, according to a study cited by the Times.
How to curb such purchases is a top priority for policymakers attempting to reduce the obesity rates in poor communities, said the report. "We need to look at a moratorium on these convenience stores," Lark Galloway-Gilliam, executive director of Community Health Councils Inc., a nonprofit health policy and education organization in South Los Angeles, told the newspaper.
The Los Angeles City Council is set to consider a proposal that would limit the density of these small food stores in South Los Angeles, Councilwoman Jan Perry told the paper. She is a proponent of regulations adopted last year establishing a moratorium on new openings of fast-food restaurants whose 9th District includes much of South Los Angeles.
The proposal, part of the developing Southeast Los Angeles Community Plan, would prohibit such small neighborhood markets from being closer than one-half mile from one another unless they sold fresh fruit and vegetables. Although a half-mile separation may sound dense, it represents a restrictive requirement in her council district, which is only 14 square miles, Perry said. The proposal would only affect new development and would go to the City Council next year, she added.
"It's a carrot and a stick approach," Perry said.
Despite the studies that link snack calories with higher obesity rates in poor communities, regulating the location of stores might not be helpful, said Roland Sturm, who coauthored the Rand study with colleague Deborah Cohen. The Rand study said that almost 26% of the residents of South Los Angeles are considered obese. That compares with about 18% of the residents of Los Angeles County who live in higher-income neighborhoods.
"Clearly these stores are a source of excess calories, especially in children," Sturm told the paper, "But people need access to food that is reachable."
His research found that residents of South Los Angeles are far more likely to walk or use public transportation to shop for food than Angelenos who live in other sections of the city, and that limits their choices. "I would be hesitant to prohibit the development of these stores," Sturm said, because residents of the community don't have other easy-to-reach places to purchase food to be consumed at home.
The industry also is against more regulation, said the report. "Convenience stores, whether they be a 7-Eleven or other, provide needed products and services to communities, especially lower income or areas with high crime," Margaret Chabris, spokesperson for Dallas-based 7-Eleven Inc., which has 50 stores within the Los Angeles city limits, told the Times. "Sometimes larger supermarkets won't venture into the tougher neighborhoods, but mom-and-pop stores, locally run convenience stores, will."
She added, "They provide food, groceries, paper products, money orders, ATM services and over-the-counter medicine around the clock. They can also be a safe haven when someone on the street or in the neighborhood is in trouble and needs a place to go or make a phone call."
The chain sells sliced fruit and other healthful snacks in addition to chips and soda, Chabris added.
South Los Angeles has 58 small food stores per 100,000 residents, according to the Rand study. West Los Angeles has only 14. It's not clear why there is such a difference, said the report. It could be that the lack of traditional supermarkets in South Los Angelesonly three compared with 10 in West Los Angeleshas left a vacuum that the small stores fill. And this has increased the availability of sugar- and fat-laden snacks, some policymakers say.
In the Philadelphia study, Temple University professor Kelley Borradaile and colleagues from the Food Trust, a Philadelphia nonprofit that works to improve access to affordable, healthful food, surveyed students in grades four to six outside 24 corner stores in an economically poor part of that city. "There needs to be more education in the schools as to what is a healthy snack," Borradaile said. "These kids need to learn how to walk through the corner store and make good decisions."
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